African American Inventors - Patent Holders Index P

Black history inventors are listed alphabetically: use the A to Z index bar to navigate and select or just browse the many listings. Each listing has the name of the black inventor followed by the patent number(s) which is the unique number assigned to an invention when a patent is issued, the date the patent was issued, and a description of the invention as written by the inventor. If available, links are provided to in-depth articles, biographies, illustrations and photos on each individual inventor or patent. How to submit to the database. O Pace to Pickett, Pinn to Purvis Q Harold Pace #5712899, 1/27/1998, Mobile location reporting apparatus and methods Lionel F Page #2,170,032, 8/22/1939, Auxiliary circulating device for automobile heaters Alice H Parker #1,325,905, 12/23/1919, Heating furnace John Percial Parker #304,552, 9/2/1884, Follower-screw for tobacco presses#318,285, 5/19/1885, Portable screw-press James A Parsons Jr. #1,728,360, 9/17/1929, Iron alloy#1,819,479, 8/13/1931, Method of making silicon iron compounds#1,972,103, 9/4/1934, Process for treating silicon alloy castings#2,200,208, 5/7/1940, Corrosion-resisting ferrous alloy Moses Payne #394,388, 12/11/1888, Horseshoe Robert A Pelham #807,685, 12/19/1905, Pasting device#NA, 1913, Tallying machine John Perry Jr. #3,284,239, 11/8/1966, Biochemical fuel cell (co-inventor Herbert F Hunger) Frank R Perryman #468,038, 2/2/1892, Caterers tray table Charles A Peterson #3,391,903, 7/9/1968, Power generating apparatus Henry Peterson #402,189, 2/30/1889, Attachment for lawn mowers William Henry Phelps #579,242, 3/23/1897, Apparatus for washing vehicles Anthony Phills #5,136,787, 10/3/1991, Ruler template for computer keyboard John F Pickering #643,975, 2/20/1900, Air ship Henry Pickett #152,511, 7/30/1874, Improvement in scaffolds O Pace to Pickett, Pinn to Purvis, Q Traverse B Pinn #231,355, 8/17/1880, File holder William D Polite #1,218,458, 3/6/1917, Gun Austin J Polk #558,103, 4/14/1896, Bicycle support Jessie T Pope #2,409,791, 10/22/1946, Croquignole iron James Hall Porter #3,534,528, 10/20/1970, Gas well sulfur removal by diffusion through polymeric membranes Alfred G B Prather #3,715,011, 2/6/1973, Gravity escape means Frank Rodger Prince #3,637,743, 1/25/1972, Production of 2-pyrrolidones Abraham Pugsley #433,306, 7/29/1890, Blind stop#433,819, 8/5/1890, Shutter worker Samuel Pugsley #357,787, 2/15/1887, Gate latch John E Purdy #405,117, 6/11/1889, Folding chair, (co-inventor Daniel A. Sadgwar)#570,337, 10/27/1896, Device for sharpening edged tools#609,367, 8/16/1898, Device for sharpening edged tools#630,106, 8/1/1899, Device for sharpening edged tools William H Purdy #D 24,228, 4/23/1895, Spoon design (co-inventor Leonard C. Peters) Willam B Purvis #256,856, 4/25/1882, Fastener for bag#273,149, 2/27/1883, Hand stamp#293,353, 2/12/1884, Paper bag machine#419,065, 1/7/1890, Fountain pen#420,099, 1/28/1890, Paper bag machine#519,291, 5/1/1894, Electric railway#539,542, 5/21/1895, Magnetic car balancing device#588,176, 8/17/1897, Electrical railway system Continue black history database Q

Ageism Stereotypes And Stereotyping Of Older People...

Ageism is a popular and important topic to discuss as it represents a great issue in today’s society. The article â€Å"Ageism in America† focuses on the biases and stereotyping of older people here in America. The elderly is highly discriminated against and we tend to not realize this enough. Ageism is an ever growing concern in the United States and is an issue that needs to be resolved. There is a concern of what will become of ageism in the future. The term ageism is based on an individuals or societies beliefs about the aged (Quadango, 2014, p. 10). Will ageism continue to grow worse in time or will it slowly dissipate? American’s 65 and older are expected to double in number within the forthcoming 3 decades from 35.9 million to 70 million elderly folks in 2030. The elderly will make up 20 percent of the 2030 population compared to the 13 percent today. It is expected that those turning 65 now, will live an extra 18 years. Seniors that have a positive outloo k on life live an average of 7.5 years longer compared to those that are affected by negative stereotypes. (Associated Press, 2004, 7 September) Stereotypes can refer to ideas and beliefs of the elderly as a whole group (Quadango, 2014, p. 10). The elderly is going to be on the rise and this evidence goes to show that if we come together as a society and treat elders with more respect they will lead a more positive life. Unfortunately, another problem that the elderly face is job biases. The most common place for ageShow MoreRelatedReducing the Divide between Young and Old1299 Words   |  6 PagesThe area of diversity that we will look at here is Ageism. First we will discuss some of the more important barriers that are present because of age. We will discuss how this group is affected by discrimination, prejudices, and stereotypes and some of the sources that perpetuate it. Finally we’ll attempt to show some strategies that both young and old can use to promote communicati on and understanding to hopefully reduce the divide between the young and old. In ancient times the old we’re valuedRead MoreIs Ageism Against The Older People Could Potentially Be Reversed Through The Participation Of A Lifespan Human Development Course1620 Words   |  7 Pagestowards older people could potentially be reversed through the participation in a Lifespan Human Development Course. He states that research findings shows that a prevailing factor that is affecting the elder population today is ageism. Researchers found, that the younger generation, 35 years and younger, are judgmental and in many cases disrespectful and hold some form of prejudice towards older adults. 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To me ageism is like sexism and racism, they treat older woman likeRead MoreAgeism : An Underestimated Type Of Discrimination1609 Words   |  7 PagesAgeism: An Underestimated Type of Discrimination When the suffix â€Å"-ism† comes to mind, one typically thinks of the more common forms of discrimination throughout society today: racism, sexism, elitism, ableism, ethnocentrism, classism... the list could continue. Ageism, coined by Robert Butler in 1969, however, is one of the many forms of â€Å"isms† that may not be immediately conjured up, or even considered a threat to society at all. It is a fact of life that all living organisms age. I will, you willRead MoreAgeism : Ageism And Prejudice Against The Old Age1506 Words   |  7 Pages Like sexism and racism, ageism is discrimination, a deep and profound prejudice against the elderly. Elderly individuals constantly face negligence because of Ageism. 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HoweverRead MoreAgeism in America1709 Words   |  7 PagesAgeism in America The term ageism was coined in 1969 by Robert Butler, the first director of the National Institute on Aging. He used the word to describe the process of systematic stereotyping of people because they are old. Ageism is a term that is similar to other ‘isms in society, such as racism and sexism. Ageism allows other generations to see older people as different from themselves; thus they subtly cease to identify with their elders as human beings (Butler, 1975). All peopleRead MoreAgeism Is Seen As A Significant Element2001 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Older people are being transferred from the safe political haven of the deserving to the radically more exposed position of being one of the main threats to Britain’s economic future† (Walker, 2012, p.812). Ageism is seen as a significant element in the challenge of demographic change (Carney and Grey, 2015). Inequality, poverty, and cultural marginalisation of certain sub-sections of older people are all associated wit h ageism, and ageism is also seen as the driver for unfair practices in allocationRead MoreAgeism in Healthcare6728 Words   |  27 PagesDiscrimination (Ageism) in Healthcare Student Name Professor Name DHA-865 July 14, 2013 Age Related Healthcare Discrimination (Ageism) in Healthcare While the â€Å"Greatest Generation† is a title often given to those Americans who lived and died during the era of the Great Depression and World War II, their offspring, the â€Å"Baby Boom† generation, significantly shaped and improved the American landscape as well if for no greater reason than the sheer number of people who make upRead MoreForever 212134 Words   |  9 Pagesbasis of this paper will discuss the preconceptions and barriers, whether psychological or societal, that is linked with aging, and steadfast approaches that can be used to cope with the aging process and the reality that death is eminent. Keywords: ageism, aging, death, coping, geriatric, fear, quality of life Forever 21: Dealing with America’s Fear of Aging and Death A study performed by the National Consumer’s League reported that approximately 90 million Americans purchase anti-aging products

The True Meaning of Words (Rough Draft) free essay sample

Words. They hold great meaning, create stories, and open doorways to unimaginable worlds. Well, at least that’s what words do for me. Since I was a child, reading was always important†¦.it helped me escape the world, my problems, and my life. Words helped me slip though the drama of high school and all the other obstacles o a teenager. They led me to the dreams and adventures that were bound inside the covers of each novel that I read. Instead of facing the reality of my parents fighting, my mother’s downward spiral, and surviving high school I buried my nose inside numerous books, protected by stories that I would lose myself in. I found sanctuary in my English classes and the school library; because those were the only places I felt I could be myself. As I leafed through memoirs, poetry books, and novels I became more knowledgeable about the subject. We will write a custom essay sample on The True Meaning of Words (Rough Draft) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Writing soon became another passion which helped me free myself of problems in my life and creative side of myself. Words have allowed me to grow into the person I am today and become knowledgeable about the world around me. My ideas, dreams, and beliefs have been shaped by the stories, life experiences, and powerful messages from each author whose work I have read. I hope to spread this passion and interest in writing in the future by becoming an English teacher. I believe that teaching is a great way to help develop the mind of each generation and encourage each student to learn more. I want to change the lives of the future generation with English because that’s how my life began to change. I want to show future students that getting an education is important for both their futures and their minds. The world evolves and changes because of the knowledge and the minds of each passing generation. Yes, success and wealth may seem important but it’s the mind and education that’s leads to the evolution of the human race. I stay true to that belief and wish to pass that on to the future generation. I would be honored to study English Education at Kean University. I feel that this university will help me develop and perfect the skills needed to become a teacher. The values and support that Kean University holds are what I believe I need. Kean University would allow me to grow as an individual and teach me core values that I would bring with me even after graduating.

Serbian Doctrine of Civil Law Contract Law

Question: Explain about the 'Theories Of Cause (Consideration) Of Contract In The Serbian Doctrine Of Civil Law After The Adoption Of The Law On Obligations' ? Answer: Introduction: To create a binding contract, it is important that all the essentials are fulfilled. According to the general principle of contract law state that offer, acceptance, consideration, free consent and intentional are the basis of a contract. If the consideration is not there, the contract will be treated as void. On the other hand if, the consent is taken by any kind of coercion, duress, fraud or misrepresentation, the contract will be considered to the void contract. Except and until both the parties are consensus ad idem on a matter, the contract will be treated as no contract. Both the party must have the same opinion on the same thing in the identical sagacity. Consequently, for a legitimate contract, equally the proposal and acceptance of that proposal must be in agreement with the law. The consideration is the important part in a contract. The economic adequacy is not an essential matter, but the consideration should be sufficient in the eye of law. This paper attempt to identify the relevance of consideration on the basis of Williams v Roffey Bros. Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd case. The case decides upon the concept of consideration. This paper attempts to answer the matter of the importance of consideration and its relation in regards to economic duress. The court, in this case, found that consideration an important part of the contract and he factual consideration can be considered as valid and appropriate consideration. Though in different preceding cases, courts found that the doctrine of consideration became obsolete day by day. In the previous days, a contract that was obtained by unfair pressure or extortion was believed to be annulled by the judges on the basis that the basic important thing consideration was not present there. But in the Williams v Roffey Bros. Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd case, the judges also held that monetary duress would be obtainable in that cases as a cure to invalided a contract that was obtained by way of unfairforce or the extortion. Concept of Economic duress: Difficulty in commercial communication while constructing or not constructing a contract, have known way to divide so far, a more important doctrine recognized as the principle of financial duress. The principle provides us the fact that the permission of the party to an agreement can be provided, not merely by pointing a firearm at them but by bullying the party economically. Definite requirements, like as anti-trust regulation and customer protection laws, have been reinforced to defend parties as of in going into such agreement. Separately from these requirements, judges are also keeping back contracts go into by unlawful force. DCBuildersvRees, it was decided that when a persons permission is obtained by duress, he has the right to avoid the contractual terms. Stilk v Myrick is an important contract law case that was decided by the High Court of England in regards to the consideration. In this judgment, Lord Ellenboroughdetermined that in judicial decision where a human being was obliged to do a responsibility under an obtainable agreement that responsibility cannot be measured as applicable consideration for any fresh agreement. It has been destabilized and overruled by the case ofWilliams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd,which recommended that state of affairs previously gripped by consideration could in its place grasp by the principle of financial duress. In this case, the concept of economic duress was nicely pointed out by the Glidewell LJ. He decided that Williams had given a legally valid consideration although he was just executing a prior responsibility. Williams obtained 3,500 and court claimed that the scheme ofpromissory estoppelwas not correctly argued. The notion of economic duress given responses to Stilks problem in the verdict by this judgement. The legitimacy of the contract will depend on the certain matter as per the discussion of the case. For a valid contract, it is obvious that a person employed another person by execution of a contract of employment. But prior to the execution, the employer has the reason to doubt the person may not be able to accomplish the work. The employer promises to pay more. The party gets the actual benefit or disadvantage from that promise, and there must have any kind of economic duress. The confusion was created by the common people regarding the legal benefits proceeding to these judgments of Williams v Roffey. This case put a question mark on the validity of the concept of the consideration. The court decides that no one have the right to avail any extra benefit from the situation after fulfilment of the obligation. But the principle in the common law provides the loss for this obligation come under the purview of public duty. So it can be mentioned that the factual benefits applied in the behavioural in the case, the concept of consideration need to be amended from its traditional application. Concept of consideration: The concept of consideration is very important for a case of contract. The accurate benefit is of utmost importance. The general principle of contract law proclaimed that the consideration needs to be legally satisfactory. The monitory value is not a determinate factor in the case of contract. But the question lies on the necessity of the consideration and its importance in the modern era. In the case of Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd, it was decided that a promise is considered to be an adequate consideration in the ambit of contract law. The previous case of Stilk v Myrick, as discussed earlier the court decides that anyone obliged to do act a responsibility under an obtainable agreement cannot be measured as applicable consideration for any fresh agreement. Both of this cases decided n he matter of payment more that than the actual promise. But in conclusion, both of this case decided reversely. The judges of the case of William did not accepts the understanding of the verdict of Stilk v Myrick. The confusion was arises because of the huge difference in this two judgements. The inconsistency of the identical laws helps to contract the theory of consideration and its effectiveness in the modern era. Applicability of the doctrine of financial duress and the consideration: The principle of consideration is necessary and applicable unquestionably in almost every situation in the aspect of contract law. But in modern time the essence of this doctrine reduces. Other doctrines reduce the importance of this doctrine gradually like the doctrine of economic duress, promissory estoppel, etc. The concept of financial duress is sometimes utilised to modify the application of the doctrine of consideration. The principle was used at the time when the unnecessary pressure was inserted at the time of the creation of the contract. The extortion was given importance at the time of the creation of the contract. That kind of discrepancies can lead to the bad judgements. This kind of circumstances can invalid the concept more. If one party is in the superior position that problem mainly arises. They take the advantage from the contract. Generally in this kind of situation substitute kind of consideration is required which lead to irregularity and unfairness in the judgem ent. The matter here declared about the sufficiency and adequacy in the part of the consideration. If it is proved that the benefit is a valid consideration, it is obvious that different judges posses the different opinion in this similar matter. The case of Re Select more Ltd can be taken into consideration. In this specific case, it was decided that the assurance to pay any amount was no considered to be the valid consideration under the general rule of contract. But in the case of Penny v Cole is was stated that part performance or part payment is not a sufficient consideration. In the case of Collier v P MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltddraws the relationship between the estoppel and consideration concepts. This case also proves the obsoleteness of the principle of consideration in the modern concept. On the important case of Foakes v. Beer can be discussed in this matter. This is an English contract related verdict, which is applicable the contentious pre-existing responsibility rule in the background of branch payments of the unpaid sum. It considered as the most important case from theon the legal notion ofthe principle of consideration in a contractual aspect. It recognized the regulation that stops parties from releasing a compulsion by the application of part performance. This case affirms the verdict of Pinnel's Case. In this case, the court decides that payment of smaller amount on the due day cannot be lead to any approval of the entire debt. Courts took different opinion in this matter regarding the applicability of the concept of consideration. The court provides the priority to the legally approved contract under the seal of the court. If the seal of the court is present, it provides hardly any importance to the issue of consideration. In modern aspect, it can be claimed that the tradition doctrine is obsolete or outdated. Positive and negative effects: After going through the diverse alternatives taken by the courts in this respect, now, an attempt shall be made to evaluate and understand if these options are actually attainable or not. The doctrine of duress in contract provides that if any illegal or unfair pressure is unlawfully put on any individual while he is about to enter into any contract, then, such an agreement cannot be enforced upon him. Thus, if this doctrine of duress is applied on fair and justified conditions, then, generally, it is only the weaker party that gets the protection under the legal terms. However, in a majority of the instances, it is often tough to find out and establish whether duress was actually present or not. For instance, the difference between what can be said to be a commercial pressure and what is economic duress is not yet clear post the decision of Williams v Roffey. Whatever be the situation, if it is proved that economic duress was present in any given situation, then, such a proof can override consideration and hence, the contract becomes invalid. In maximum situations, efforts are made by the courts to examine the presence of duress before they judge the validity of a contract. Albeit, no strict and stringent guidelines are present in this matter, yet, the doctrine often goes through multiple ambiguities and uncertainties. For instance, the case of Barton v Armstrong, it has been established by the Courts that similar clauses can only make a contract voidable and not void. Thus, there is no doubt regarding the fact that duress will never succeed to become a replacement for the doctrine of consideration. To override the effects of consideration, the aspects of public policy also exert a great thrust. To derive the benefits, there are various public servants who can actually misuse the concepts. In such instances, although the presence of duress or extortion is likely to be very low, even then, the top-up benefits while the process remains in existence is sure to have a negative effect over the way in which the duties shall be performed. This on the face conflict is not only detrimental for the law but also for the society. Thus, to give a proper justification to the concept of duress, going through some cases is essential. Because, in the present day, our society is largely dependent on various forms of the emerging trade and commerce, hence, it is highly probable that duress will increase at a steady rate. On the contrary, this situation has not yet developed to such an extent that this entire concept can be wiped off totally by the concept of duress. The criteria of Achievability: In simple terms, it can be said that it is very tough to wipe out the concept of consideration totally and establish a way for duress. The feasibility with duress has not yet developed in such a way that it can be considered to be a total replacement of consideration. Above all, the primary role exerted by the concept of duress is totally different from the concept of consideration as far as the legal background is considered. As far as the present scenario is concerned, duress and consideration stand at an equal footing. Duress as its present status stands today is nothing but a simple exception to the doctrine of consideration because it moves in parallel lines with it. Duress is not a valid condition for examining the legality o any contract so long as the situation in today's world is concerned. In every single matter of contract, the original and traditional concept of consideration is still taken into account to establish the validity. Thus, there is no doubt regarding the fact that the doctrine of duress does not have the same effect as that exerted by the doctrine of consideration in matters related to the contract. Even if in certain circumstances, it overrides the consideration requirement, even then, holding its validity is going to be very difficult because in those circumstances, it is likely to come under the exceptions of consideration and if such a situation arises, then, consideration will be totally removed. Thus, it is very likely that these two shall become contrary to each other. Conclusion Upon understanding all the concepts as discussed above, it can be said that the doctrine of duress will not be able to override the doctrine of consideration. The consideration requirement can never be made totally redundant to give way to the requirement under duress. While looking at the changing aspects of commercial transactions, it can be said that the common law principles in this respect will develop gradually so that all the ambiguities that are present regarding the present situation can totally be removed. This will also ensure that the doctrine of duress and the doctrine of consideration will be able to meet the requirements of the law and the society and thus, the jigsaw puzzle that lies will be solved to a great extent. To give a valid jurisprudence in this regard, many more cases have to be decided by the law courts. Because it is well known that the society develops faster than the law, hence, it is essential to understand that the law is likely to go through certain f laws. To achieve a reduced rate of these flaws, there are exceptions that come out every day but those legal principles and doctrines that give a skeletal framework of the law and which is the base of the development of the law can never be overlooked, and they should be allowed to keep running. The reason behind this is that they exercise impact over many operations in which the society is engaged. A similar effect lies over the doctrine of consideration also. If the entire concept is abolished, there will be greater confusions, and hence it is not going to be a wise decision for the legal domain. References Atila D, 'Theories Of Cause (Consideration) Of Contract In The Serbian Doctrine Of Civil Law After The Adoption Of The Law On Obligations' (2012) 46 Zb rad Prav fak, Novi Sad Austen-Baker R,Implied Terms In English Contract Law(Edward Elgar 2011) Beatson J and Friedmann D,Good Faith And Fault In Contract Law(Clarendon Press 1995) Ceil C, 'Contractual Free Will: Doctrines Of Economic Duress Undue Influence' SSRN Electronic Journal Chen-Wishart M,Contract Law(Oxford University Press 2005) DiMatteo L,Commercial Contract Law 'Duress. What Constitutes Duress. Threat To Do What One Has A Legal Right To Do' (1928) 42 Harvard Law Review 'Duress. What Constitutes Duress. Threat To Expose A Third Person To Criminal Prosecution' (1926) 39 Harvard Law Review Geest G,Contract Law And Economics(Edward Elgar 2011) Gordley J,The Enforceability Of Promises In European Contract Law(Cambridge University Press 2001) Simpson A, 'The Equitable Doctrine Of Consideration And The Law Of Uses' (1965) 16 The University of Toronto Law Journal Swain W, 'The Changing Nature Of The Doctrine Of Consideration, 17501850' (2005) 26 The Journal of Legal History Wright, 'Ought The Doctrine Of Consideration To Be Abolished From The Common Law?' (1936) 49 Harvard Law Review Barton v Armstrong [1973] UKPC 2 [1973] UKPC Collier v P MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltd[2007] EWCA Civ Foakes v Beer[1884] UKHL Penny v Cole(1605) 5 Co Rep Stilk v Myrick[1809] EWHC KB J Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd[1989] EWCA Civ Sjol.co.uk, 'Why English Contract Law Should Prohibit Unfair Conduct In Contractual Negotiations By A General Doctrine Of Unconscionability - The Student Journal Of Law' (2015) https://www.sjol.co.uk/issue-4/why-english-contract-law-should-prohibit-unfair-conduct-in-contractual-negotiations-by-a-general-doctrine-of-unconscionability accessed 16 August 2015 Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd[1989] EWCA Civ. Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd[1989] EWCA Civ. Stilk v Myrick[1809] EWHC KB J. Penny v Cole(1605) 5 Co Rep. Collier v P MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltd[2007] EWCA Civ Foakes v Beer[1884] UKHL. Penny v Cole(1605) 5 Co Rep. Mindy Chen-Wishart,Contract Law(Oxford University Press 2005). Barton v Armstrong [1973] UKPC 2 [1973] UKPC Sjol.co.uk, 'Why English Contract Law Should Prohibit Unfair Conduct In Contractual Negotiations By A General Doctrine Of Unconscionability - The Student Journal Of Law' (2015) https://www.sjol.co.uk/issue-4/why-english-contract-law-should-prohibit-unfair-conduct-in-contractual-negotiations-by-a-general-doctrine-of-unconscionability accessed 16 August 2015. James Gordley,The Enforceability Of Promises In European Contract Law(Cambridge University Press 2001).