African American Inventors - Patent Holders Index P

Black history inventors are listed alphabetically: use the A to Z index bar to navigate and select or just browse the many listings. Each listing has the name of the black inventor followed by the patent number(s) which is the unique number assigned to an invention when a patent is issued, the date the patent was issued, and a description of the invention as written by the inventor. If available, links are provided to in-depth articles, biographies, illustrations and photos on each individual inventor or patent. How to submit to the database. O Pace to Pickett, Pinn to Purvis Q Harold Pace #5712899, 1/27/1998, Mobile location reporting apparatus and methods Lionel F Page #2,170,032, 8/22/1939, Auxiliary circulating device for automobile heaters Alice H Parker #1,325,905, 12/23/1919, Heating furnace John Percial Parker #304,552, 9/2/1884, Follower-screw for tobacco presses#318,285, 5/19/1885, Portable screw-press James A Parsons Jr. #1,728,360, 9/17/1929, Iron alloy#1,819,479, 8/13/1931, Method of making silicon iron compounds#1,972,103, 9/4/1934, Process for treating silicon alloy castings#2,200,208, 5/7/1940, Corrosion-resisting ferrous alloy Moses Payne #394,388, 12/11/1888, Horseshoe Robert A Pelham #807,685, 12/19/1905, Pasting device#NA, 1913, Tallying machine John Perry Jr. #3,284,239, 11/8/1966, Biochemical fuel cell (co-inventor Herbert F Hunger) Frank R Perryman #468,038, 2/2/1892, Caterers tray table Charles A Peterson #3,391,903, 7/9/1968, Power generating apparatus Henry Peterson #402,189, 2/30/1889, Attachment for lawn mowers William Henry Phelps #579,242, 3/23/1897, Apparatus for washing vehicles Anthony Phills #5,136,787, 10/3/1991, Ruler template for computer keyboard John F Pickering #643,975, 2/20/1900, Air ship Henry Pickett #152,511, 7/30/1874, Improvement in scaffolds O Pace to Pickett, Pinn to Purvis, Q Traverse B Pinn #231,355, 8/17/1880, File holder William D Polite #1,218,458, 3/6/1917, Gun Austin J Polk #558,103, 4/14/1896, Bicycle support Jessie T Pope #2,409,791, 10/22/1946, Croquignole iron James Hall Porter #3,534,528, 10/20/1970, Gas well sulfur removal by diffusion through polymeric membranes Alfred G B Prather #3,715,011, 2/6/1973, Gravity escape means Frank Rodger Prince #3,637,743, 1/25/1972, Production of 2-pyrrolidones Abraham Pugsley #433,306, 7/29/1890, Blind stop#433,819, 8/5/1890, Shutter worker Samuel Pugsley #357,787, 2/15/1887, Gate latch John E Purdy #405,117, 6/11/1889, Folding chair, (co-inventor Daniel A. Sadgwar)#570,337, 10/27/1896, Device for sharpening edged tools#609,367, 8/16/1898, Device for sharpening edged tools#630,106, 8/1/1899, Device for sharpening edged tools William H Purdy #D 24,228, 4/23/1895, Spoon design (co-inventor Leonard C. Peters) Willam B Purvis #256,856, 4/25/1882, Fastener for bag#273,149, 2/27/1883, Hand stamp#293,353, 2/12/1884, Paper bag machine#419,065, 1/7/1890, Fountain pen#420,099, 1/28/1890, Paper bag machine#519,291, 5/1/1894, Electric railway#539,542, 5/21/1895, Magnetic car balancing device#588,176, 8/17/1897, Electrical railway system Continue black history database Q

Ageism Stereotypes And Stereotyping Of Older People...

Ageism is a popular and important topic to discuss as it represents a great issue in today’s society. The article â€Å"Ageism in America† focuses on the biases and stereotyping of older people here in America. The elderly is highly discriminated against and we tend to not realize this enough. Ageism is an ever growing concern in the United States and is an issue that needs to be resolved. There is a concern of what will become of ageism in the future. The term ageism is based on an individuals or societies beliefs about the aged (Quadango, 2014, p. 10). Will ageism continue to grow worse in time or will it slowly dissipate? American’s 65 and older are expected to double in number within the forthcoming 3 decades from 35.9 million to 70 million elderly folks in 2030. The elderly will make up 20 percent of the 2030 population compared to the 13 percent today. It is expected that those turning 65 now, will live an extra 18 years. Seniors that have a positive outloo k on life live an average of 7.5 years longer compared to those that are affected by negative stereotypes. (Associated Press, 2004, 7 September) Stereotypes can refer to ideas and beliefs of the elderly as a whole group (Quadango, 2014, p. 10). The elderly is going to be on the rise and this evidence goes to show that if we come together as a society and treat elders with more respect they will lead a more positive life. Unfortunately, another problem that the elderly face is job biases. The most common place for ageShow MoreRelatedReducing the Divide between Young and Old1299 Words   |  6 PagesThe area of diversity that we will look at here is Ageism. First we will discuss some of the more important barriers that are present because of age. We will discuss how this group is affected by discrimination, prejudices, and stereotypes and some of the sources that perpetuate it. Finally we’ll attempt to show some strategies that both young and old can use to promote communicati on and understanding to hopefully reduce the divide between the young and old. In ancient times the old we’re valuedRead MoreIs Ageism Against The Older People Could Potentially Be Reversed Through The Participation Of A Lifespan Human Development Course1620 Words   |  7 Pagestowards older people could potentially be reversed through the participation in a Lifespan Human Development Course. He states that research findings shows that a prevailing factor that is affecting the elder population today is ageism. Researchers found, that the younger generation, 35 years and younger, are judgmental and in many cases disrespectful and hold some form of prejudice towards older adults. Older adult are often described in negative way and labelled with the following stereotypes suchRead MoreAgeism Still Alive And Lurking Still This Day Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"People will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel,† (Maya Angelou). Ageism still alive and lurking still this day. I believe that people are prejudice to anything and everything. Today ageism is big in the world today. This really play a huge role in the elderly life span. The history of ageism is the process of stereotyping against people because their old. To me ageism is like sexism and racism, they treat older woman likeRead MoreAgeism : An Underestimated Type Of Discrimination1609 Words   |  7 PagesAgeism: An Underestimated Type of Discrimination When the suffix â€Å"-ism† comes to mind, one typically thinks of the more common forms of discrimination throughout society today: racism, sexism, elitism, ableism, ethnocentrism, classism... the list could continue. Ageism, coined by Robert Butler in 1969, however, is one of the many forms of â€Å"isms† that may not be immediately conjured up, or even considered a threat to society at all. It is a fact of life that all living organisms age. I will, you willRead MoreAgeism : Ageism And Prejudice Against The Old Age1506 Words   |  7 Pages Like sexism and racism, ageism is discrimination, a deep and profound prejudice against the elderly. Elderly individuals constantly face negligence because of Ageism. In this society of isms, racism, sexism, and ageism; these things create labels, stereotypes, and categorizes people, by shape, size, color, and age. The elderly in their later years should be able to have a peaceable life and be treated with dignity and respect. Ho wever, pretty much anyone over the age of 50 is a target for an attackRead MoreThe Perception Of Age For The American People908 Words   |  4 Pagesthe new Thirty , all of today s culture conflate and confuse what age in America actually means. In pop-culture, age is used as a sleigh of hand trick. To maneuver people into faceless demographics where they can make proclamations on who wears and says what based on how old they are. While in the real world, the exact number of years one carries is less and important compared to what label it gives a person. If one is such and so decades old, assumptions and stereotypes goes a long way. HoweverRead MoreAgeism in America1709 Words   |  7 PagesAgeism in America The term ageism was coined in 1969 by Robert Butler, the first director of the National Institute on Aging. He used the word to describe the process of systematic stereotyping of people because they are old. Ageism is a term that is similar to other ‘isms in society, such as racism and sexism. Ageism allows other generations to see older people as different from themselves; thus they subtly cease to identify with their elders as human beings (Butler, 1975). All peopleRead MoreAgeism Is Seen As A Significant Element2001 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Older people are being transferred from the safe political haven of the deserving to the radically more exposed position of being one of the main threats to Britain’s economic future† (Walker, 2012, p.812). Ageism is seen as a significant element in the challenge of demographic change (Carney and Grey, 2015). Inequality, poverty, and cultural marginalisation of certain sub-sections of older people are all associated wit h ageism, and ageism is also seen as the driver for unfair practices in allocationRead MoreAgeism in Healthcare6728 Words   |  27 PagesDiscrimination (Ageism) in Healthcare Student Name Professor Name DHA-865 July 14, 2013 Age Related Healthcare Discrimination (Ageism) in Healthcare While the â€Å"Greatest Generation† is a title often given to those Americans who lived and died during the era of the Great Depression and World War II, their offspring, the â€Å"Baby Boom† generation, significantly shaped and improved the American landscape as well if for no greater reason than the sheer number of people who make upRead MoreForever 212134 Words   |  9 Pagesbasis of this paper will discuss the preconceptions and barriers, whether psychological or societal, that is linked with aging, and steadfast approaches that can be used to cope with the aging process and the reality that death is eminent. Keywords: ageism, aging, death, coping, geriatric, fear, quality of life Forever 21: Dealing with America’s Fear of Aging and Death A study performed by the National Consumer’s League reported that approximately 90 million Americans purchase anti-aging products

The True Meaning of Words (Rough Draft) free essay sample

Words. They hold great meaning, create stories, and open doorways to unimaginable worlds. Well, at least that’s what words do for me. Since I was a child, reading was always important†¦.it helped me escape the world, my problems, and my life. Words helped me slip though the drama of high school and all the other obstacles o a teenager. They led me to the dreams and adventures that were bound inside the covers of each novel that I read. Instead of facing the reality of my parents fighting, my mother’s downward spiral, and surviving high school I buried my nose inside numerous books, protected by stories that I would lose myself in. I found sanctuary in my English classes and the school library; because those were the only places I felt I could be myself. As I leafed through memoirs, poetry books, and novels I became more knowledgeable about the subject. We will write a custom essay sample on The True Meaning of Words (Rough Draft) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Writing soon became another passion which helped me free myself of problems in my life and creative side of myself. Words have allowed me to grow into the person I am today and become knowledgeable about the world around me. My ideas, dreams, and beliefs have been shaped by the stories, life experiences, and powerful messages from each author whose work I have read. I hope to spread this passion and interest in writing in the future by becoming an English teacher. I believe that teaching is a great way to help develop the mind of each generation and encourage each student to learn more. I want to change the lives of the future generation with English because that’s how my life began to change. I want to show future students that getting an education is important for both their futures and their minds. The world evolves and changes because of the knowledge and the minds of each passing generation. Yes, success and wealth may seem important but it’s the mind and education that’s leads to the evolution of the human race. I stay true to that belief and wish to pass that on to the future generation. I would be honored to study English Education at Kean University. I feel that this university will help me develop and perfect the skills needed to become a teacher. The values and support that Kean University holds are what I believe I need. Kean University would allow me to grow as an individual and teach me core values that I would bring with me even after graduating.

Serbian Doctrine of Civil Law Contract Law

Question: Explain about the 'Theories Of Cause (Consideration) Of Contract In The Serbian Doctrine Of Civil Law After The Adoption Of The Law On Obligations' ? Answer: Introduction: To create a binding contract, it is important that all the essentials are fulfilled. According to the general principle of contract law state that offer, acceptance, consideration, free consent and intentional are the basis of a contract. If the consideration is not there, the contract will be treated as void. On the other hand if, the consent is taken by any kind of coercion, duress, fraud or misrepresentation, the contract will be considered to the void contract. Except and until both the parties are consensus ad idem on a matter, the contract will be treated as no contract. Both the party must have the same opinion on the same thing in the identical sagacity. Consequently, for a legitimate contract, equally the proposal and acceptance of that proposal must be in agreement with the law. The consideration is the important part in a contract. The economic adequacy is not an essential matter, but the consideration should be sufficient in the eye of law. This paper attempt to identify the relevance of consideration on the basis of Williams v Roffey Bros. Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd case. The case decides upon the concept of consideration. This paper attempts to answer the matter of the importance of consideration and its relation in regards to economic duress. The court, in this case, found that consideration an important part of the contract and he factual consideration can be considered as valid and appropriate consideration. Though in different preceding cases, courts found that the doctrine of consideration became obsolete day by day. In the previous days, a contract that was obtained by unfair pressure or extortion was believed to be annulled by the judges on the basis that the basic important thing consideration was not present there. But in the Williams v Roffey Bros. Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd case, the judges also held that monetary duress would be obtainable in that cases as a cure to invalided a contract that was obtained by way of unfairforce or the extortion. Concept of Economic duress: Difficulty in commercial communication while constructing or not constructing a contract, have known way to divide so far, a more important doctrine recognized as the principle of financial duress. The principle provides us the fact that the permission of the party to an agreement can be provided, not merely by pointing a firearm at them but by bullying the party economically. Definite requirements, like as anti-trust regulation and customer protection laws, have been reinforced to defend parties as of in going into such agreement. Separately from these requirements, judges are also keeping back contracts go into by unlawful force. DCBuildersvRees, it was decided that when a persons permission is obtained by duress, he has the right to avoid the contractual terms. Stilk v Myrick is an important contract law case that was decided by the High Court of England in regards to the consideration. In this judgment, Lord Ellenboroughdetermined that in judicial decision where a human being was obliged to do a responsibility under an obtainable agreement that responsibility cannot be measured as applicable consideration for any fresh agreement. It has been destabilized and overruled by the case ofWilliams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd,which recommended that state of affairs previously gripped by consideration could in its place grasp by the principle of financial duress. In this case, the concept of economic duress was nicely pointed out by the Glidewell LJ. He decided that Williams had given a legally valid consideration although he was just executing a prior responsibility. Williams obtained 3,500 and court claimed that the scheme ofpromissory estoppelwas not correctly argued. The notion of economic duress given responses to Stilks problem in the verdict by this judgement. The legitimacy of the contract will depend on the certain matter as per the discussion of the case. For a valid contract, it is obvious that a person employed another person by execution of a contract of employment. But prior to the execution, the employer has the reason to doubt the person may not be able to accomplish the work. The employer promises to pay more. The party gets the actual benefit or disadvantage from that promise, and there must have any kind of economic duress. The confusion was created by the common people regarding the legal benefits proceeding to these judgments of Williams v Roffey. This case put a question mark on the validity of the concept of the consideration. The court decides that no one have the right to avail any extra benefit from the situation after fulfilment of the obligation. But the principle in the common law provides the loss for this obligation come under the purview of public duty. So it can be mentioned that the factual benefits applied in the behavioural in the case, the concept of consideration need to be amended from its traditional application. Concept of consideration: The concept of consideration is very important for a case of contract. The accurate benefit is of utmost importance. The general principle of contract law proclaimed that the consideration needs to be legally satisfactory. The monitory value is not a determinate factor in the case of contract. But the question lies on the necessity of the consideration and its importance in the modern era. In the case of Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd, it was decided that a promise is considered to be an adequate consideration in the ambit of contract law. The previous case of Stilk v Myrick, as discussed earlier the court decides that anyone obliged to do act a responsibility under an obtainable agreement cannot be measured as applicable consideration for any fresh agreement. Both of this cases decided n he matter of payment more that than the actual promise. But in conclusion, both of this case decided reversely. The judges of the case of William did not accepts the understanding of the verdict of Stilk v Myrick. The confusion was arises because of the huge difference in this two judgements. The inconsistency of the identical laws helps to contract the theory of consideration and its effectiveness in the modern era. Applicability of the doctrine of financial duress and the consideration: The principle of consideration is necessary and applicable unquestionably in almost every situation in the aspect of contract law. But in modern time the essence of this doctrine reduces. Other doctrines reduce the importance of this doctrine gradually like the doctrine of economic duress, promissory estoppel, etc. The concept of financial duress is sometimes utilised to modify the application of the doctrine of consideration. The principle was used at the time when the unnecessary pressure was inserted at the time of the creation of the contract. The extortion was given importance at the time of the creation of the contract. That kind of discrepancies can lead to the bad judgements. This kind of circumstances can invalid the concept more. If one party is in the superior position that problem mainly arises. They take the advantage from the contract. Generally in this kind of situation substitute kind of consideration is required which lead to irregularity and unfairness in the judgem ent. The matter here declared about the sufficiency and adequacy in the part of the consideration. If it is proved that the benefit is a valid consideration, it is obvious that different judges posses the different opinion in this similar matter. The case of Re Select more Ltd can be taken into consideration. In this specific case, it was decided that the assurance to pay any amount was no considered to be the valid consideration under the general rule of contract. But in the case of Penny v Cole is was stated that part performance or part payment is not a sufficient consideration. In the case of Collier v P MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltddraws the relationship between the estoppel and consideration concepts. This case also proves the obsoleteness of the principle of consideration in the modern concept. On the important case of Foakes v. Beer can be discussed in this matter. This is an English contract related verdict, which is applicable the contentious pre-existing responsibility rule in the background of branch payments of the unpaid sum. It considered as the most important case from theon the legal notion ofthe principle of consideration in a contractual aspect. It recognized the regulation that stops parties from releasing a compulsion by the application of part performance. This case affirms the verdict of Pinnel's Case. In this case, the court decides that payment of smaller amount on the due day cannot be lead to any approval of the entire debt. Courts took different opinion in this matter regarding the applicability of the concept of consideration. The court provides the priority to the legally approved contract under the seal of the court. If the seal of the court is present, it provides hardly any importance to the issue of consideration. In modern aspect, it can be claimed that the tradition doctrine is obsolete or outdated. Positive and negative effects: After going through the diverse alternatives taken by the courts in this respect, now, an attempt shall be made to evaluate and understand if these options are actually attainable or not. The doctrine of duress in contract provides that if any illegal or unfair pressure is unlawfully put on any individual while he is about to enter into any contract, then, such an agreement cannot be enforced upon him. Thus, if this doctrine of duress is applied on fair and justified conditions, then, generally, it is only the weaker party that gets the protection under the legal terms. However, in a majority of the instances, it is often tough to find out and establish whether duress was actually present or not. For instance, the difference between what can be said to be a commercial pressure and what is economic duress is not yet clear post the decision of Williams v Roffey. Whatever be the situation, if it is proved that economic duress was present in any given situation, then, such a proof can override consideration and hence, the contract becomes invalid. In maximum situations, efforts are made by the courts to examine the presence of duress before they judge the validity of a contract. Albeit, no strict and stringent guidelines are present in this matter, yet, the doctrine often goes through multiple ambiguities and uncertainties. For instance, the case of Barton v Armstrong, it has been established by the Courts that similar clauses can only make a contract voidable and not void. Thus, there is no doubt regarding the fact that duress will never succeed to become a replacement for the doctrine of consideration. To override the effects of consideration, the aspects of public policy also exert a great thrust. To derive the benefits, there are various public servants who can actually misuse the concepts. In such instances, although the presence of duress or extortion is likely to be very low, even then, the top-up benefits while the process remains in existence is sure to have a negative effect over the way in which the duties shall be performed. This on the face conflict is not only detrimental for the law but also for the society. Thus, to give a proper justification to the concept of duress, going through some cases is essential. Because, in the present day, our society is largely dependent on various forms of the emerging trade and commerce, hence, it is highly probable that duress will increase at a steady rate. On the contrary, this situation has not yet developed to such an extent that this entire concept can be wiped off totally by the concept of duress. The criteria of Achievability: In simple terms, it can be said that it is very tough to wipe out the concept of consideration totally and establish a way for duress. The feasibility with duress has not yet developed in such a way that it can be considered to be a total replacement of consideration. Above all, the primary role exerted by the concept of duress is totally different from the concept of consideration as far as the legal background is considered. As far as the present scenario is concerned, duress and consideration stand at an equal footing. Duress as its present status stands today is nothing but a simple exception to the doctrine of consideration because it moves in parallel lines with it. Duress is not a valid condition for examining the legality o any contract so long as the situation in today's world is concerned. In every single matter of contract, the original and traditional concept of consideration is still taken into account to establish the validity. Thus, there is no doubt regarding the fact that the doctrine of duress does not have the same effect as that exerted by the doctrine of consideration in matters related to the contract. Even if in certain circumstances, it overrides the consideration requirement, even then, holding its validity is going to be very difficult because in those circumstances, it is likely to come under the exceptions of consideration and if such a situation arises, then, consideration will be totally removed. Thus, it is very likely that these two shall become contrary to each other. Conclusion Upon understanding all the concepts as discussed above, it can be said that the doctrine of duress will not be able to override the doctrine of consideration. The consideration requirement can never be made totally redundant to give way to the requirement under duress. While looking at the changing aspects of commercial transactions, it can be said that the common law principles in this respect will develop gradually so that all the ambiguities that are present regarding the present situation can totally be removed. This will also ensure that the doctrine of duress and the doctrine of consideration will be able to meet the requirements of the law and the society and thus, the jigsaw puzzle that lies will be solved to a great extent. To give a valid jurisprudence in this regard, many more cases have to be decided by the law courts. Because it is well known that the society develops faster than the law, hence, it is essential to understand that the law is likely to go through certain f laws. To achieve a reduced rate of these flaws, there are exceptions that come out every day but those legal principles and doctrines that give a skeletal framework of the law and which is the base of the development of the law can never be overlooked, and they should be allowed to keep running. The reason behind this is that they exercise impact over many operations in which the society is engaged. A similar effect lies over the doctrine of consideration also. If the entire concept is abolished, there will be greater confusions, and hence it is not going to be a wise decision for the legal domain. References Atila D, 'Theories Of Cause (Consideration) Of Contract In The Serbian Doctrine Of Civil Law After The Adoption Of The Law On Obligations' (2012) 46 Zb rad Prav fak, Novi Sad Austen-Baker R,Implied Terms In English Contract Law(Edward Elgar 2011) Beatson J and Friedmann D,Good Faith And Fault In Contract Law(Clarendon Press 1995) Ceil C, 'Contractual Free Will: Doctrines Of Economic Duress Undue Influence' SSRN Electronic Journal Chen-Wishart M,Contract Law(Oxford University Press 2005) DiMatteo L,Commercial Contract Law 'Duress. What Constitutes Duress. Threat To Do What One Has A Legal Right To Do' (1928) 42 Harvard Law Review 'Duress. What Constitutes Duress. Threat To Expose A Third Person To Criminal Prosecution' (1926) 39 Harvard Law Review Geest G,Contract Law And Economics(Edward Elgar 2011) Gordley J,The Enforceability Of Promises In European Contract Law(Cambridge University Press 2001) Simpson A, 'The Equitable Doctrine Of Consideration And The Law Of Uses' (1965) 16 The University of Toronto Law Journal Swain W, 'The Changing Nature Of The Doctrine Of Consideration, 17501850' (2005) 26 The Journal of Legal History Wright, 'Ought The Doctrine Of Consideration To Be Abolished From The Common Law?' (1936) 49 Harvard Law Review Barton v Armstrong [1973] UKPC 2 [1973] UKPC Collier v P MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltd[2007] EWCA Civ Foakes v Beer[1884] UKHL Penny v Cole(1605) 5 Co Rep Stilk v Myrick[1809] EWHC KB J Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd[1989] EWCA Civ Sjol.co.uk, 'Why English Contract Law Should Prohibit Unfair Conduct In Contractual Negotiations By A General Doctrine Of Unconscionability - The Student Journal Of Law' (2015) https://www.sjol.co.uk/issue-4/why-english-contract-law-should-prohibit-unfair-conduct-in-contractual-negotiations-by-a-general-doctrine-of-unconscionability accessed 16 August 2015 Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd[1989] EWCA Civ. Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd[1989] EWCA Civ. Stilk v Myrick[1809] EWHC KB J. Penny v Cole(1605) 5 Co Rep. Collier v P MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltd[2007] EWCA Civ Foakes v Beer[1884] UKHL. Penny v Cole(1605) 5 Co Rep. Mindy Chen-Wishart,Contract Law(Oxford University Press 2005). Barton v Armstrong [1973] UKPC 2 [1973] UKPC Sjol.co.uk, 'Why English Contract Law Should Prohibit Unfair Conduct In Contractual Negotiations By A General Doctrine Of Unconscionability - The Student Journal Of Law' (2015) https://www.sjol.co.uk/issue-4/why-english-contract-law-should-prohibit-unfair-conduct-in-contractual-negotiations-by-a-general-doctrine-of-unconscionability accessed 16 August 2015. James Gordley,The Enforceability Of Promises In European Contract Law(Cambridge University Press 2001).

Twitch Muscle Fibers Essay Example

Twitch Muscle Fibers Paper muscle contraction Introduction For a skeletal muscle fiber to contract, a stimulus must be applied to it. The stimulus is delivered by a nerve cell, or neuron. A neuron has a threadlike process called and axon that my run 91 cm or more to a muscle. A bundle of such fibers from man different neurons composes a nerve. A neuron that stimulates muscle tissue is called a motor neuron. The motor neuron branches into terminal structures called telodendria that come into close approximation with a portion of the sarcolemma o a muscle fiber (muscle cell). The site where the neuron and muscle fiber meet is called a neuromuscular junction. At this junction the muscle fiber membrane is specialized to form a motor end plate. The sensitivity of a muscle fiber to electrical stimulation through the skin surface is largely a function of the proximity of a neuromuscular junction, the thickness of the skin, and variations in skin conductivity. An electrical stimulus that causes a muscle twitch at one spot may have no effect on muscle fibers that are only a centimeter away. Specific spots on the skin where minimal electrical stimuli cause muscle twitching are called motor points. The purpose of this exercise is to identify specific spots on the skin where these motor points are located. We will write a custom essay sample on Twitch Muscle Fibers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Twitch Muscle Fibers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Twitch Muscle Fibers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If the electrical stimulus is close enough to pain receptors (naked nerve endings) in the skin, one may experience a slight pricking sensation as the stimulus is applied. Since the skin has many of these pain receptors, this sensation is often experienced; however, a muscle twitch may or may not be produced simultaneously with the pricking sensation. Our intent will be to concentrate on the identification of motor points. Muscles are made up of functional units called motor units. Each motor unit consists of a neuron which supplies one or more muscle fibers. When a motor unit is stimulated, its muscular component will contract with all of the orce they (it) can generate, or they (it) are not contracting at all / in a given muscle there are many motor units, these units vary in their level of irritability. Tat is some will respond to a weak stimulus, while others may require a much stronger stimulus. Often the smaller units are less irritable than the larger units, therefore we often have better control when the task requires only slight strength, and we have much poorer control when greater strength is needed. The overall strength of a contraction of a muscle is the summation of the pull of the motor units operating at any one time. There are two types of summation, spatial and temporal. An increase in the strength of the overall muscle contraction due to spatial summation is brought about by increasing the strength of a stimulus which increases the number of motor units that are operating. Remember that the muscle fibers that are contracting are doing so with all of their strength. Temporal summation is brought about by increasing the rate of stimulus so that the same muscle fibers are contracting again before they have had a chance to completely relax. Each individual fiber can contract more powerfully when the stimuli arrive close together in this fashion, then it can contract in a single twitch. This may at first seem to violate the all or nothing principle. The explanation for temporal summation involves the elastic properties of muscles. Tension developed is translated through many structures. It is transmitted from the cross bridges through thick and thin filaments, across Z lines, extracellular connective tissue, muscle and bone. Each of these components has a certain amount of elasticity. Only when all of these elastic structures are taut can increasing contraction by the muscle occur. When a second stimulus occurs very close to the first the elastic structures are not yet slack and the result is the contraction is stronger than any simple muscle twitch. Temporal summation will not be studied at this time. Human muscle can be directly stimulated through the skin using a relatively strong stimulus. When stimulating skeletal muscles in this way, certain sensitive spots can be located that elicit a much greater response. These spots are called motor points. Motor points are usually located directly over the area where the nerve supplying the muscle being stimulated enters the muscles, often the belly of the muscle. IN the first part of this exercise, we will study the motor points of the hand using the isolated square wave stimulator. In the second part of this exercise we will use the Physiogrip system to study the details of a single muscle twitch which can be separated into three phases; the latent period, the period of contracting, and the period of relaxation. Refer to Chapter 10 for details of muscle physiology. We will establish the minimal or threshold stimulus required to cause your flexor pollicis brevis or flexor digitorum muscle to contract, and see the consequences of increasing the stimulus strength which increases the force of contraction due solely to spatial summation. The flexor pollicis brevis is located at the base of the thumb, if flexes and adducts the thumb, and it is innervated by the median and ulnar nerve. The flexor digitorum superficialis is located on the inside of the forearm, and while not a deep muscle, it is beneath the palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres and the brachioradialis. The flexor digitorum superficialis flexes first the middle and then the proximal phalanges. This muscle is involved only in rapid, forceful flexion of the digits in grasping movements; it is not at all involved with gentle, unresisted flexion. The flexor digitorum superficialis is innervated by the muscular branch of the median nerve. The third part of this exercise will involve further analysis of the simple muscle twitch and the knee jerk reflex using the Flexicomp program. Using a transducer attached to your knee the physiology of the knee jerk reflex (an example of a monosynaptic reflex arc) will be studied. Procedure Introduction: Each experiment (motor points of the hand, Physiogrip, and Flexicomp) will be performed by the same groups of 3 students. One member will be the subject, a second will be the stimulator or apparatus operator, and the third member will be the recorder. Subject Preparation: For each procedure there will be a considerable amount of preparation. Take notes while your instructor discusses each procedure. For determining the motor points of the hand, use the abrasive pad, detergent and paper towels (or Kleenex) to thoroughly clean your hand. The superficial layers of the stratum corneum and excessive skin oils must be removed to obtain proper conductivity. Remove rings which will interfere with identification of motor points. After the skin is completely dried position the subject’s arm in a relaxed manner on the table, with palm up. Electrode gel will be applied to the areas to be tested (hand and forearm) to improve conductivity. The Physiogrip procedure involves attaching a flat electrode (with electrode gel) to the back of the hand while probing for the motor point of the flexor pollicis brevis or flexor digitorum superficialis muscles. The Flexicomp procedure involves attaching a knee jerk transducer to the knee and then properly calibrating it using onscreen directions and the help or your instructor. Stimulators: Your instructor will discuss the stimulators. Take notes. The electrical stimuli to be applied to the skin will be minimal, or threshold, must sufficient to elcit a response. The threshold stimulus is governed by duration and voltage. If the duration is too short, more voltage is required. Before starting each experiment make sure the stimulator voltage is zero. As the voltage is increased in 5-volt increments, a point will be reached when a muscle twitch will occur, or the subject will indicate a sensation of minor pain. If a twitch occurs, you have reached the minimum voltage or threshold for muscle stimulation. Stimulation process: For determining the motor points of the hand, outline your hand in the report section and record the minimum voltage required to elicit a twitch for each spot. Continue to increase the voltage and to probe the hand until 2 or more motor points have been identified or until the stimulation process becomes uncomfortable. For the Physiogrip procedure, locate the motor point for the flexor pollicis brevis or other flexor muscles of the hand muscle. Follow the onscreen directions of the computer to determine muscle twitch information. Your instructor will help you select the proper responses. For the Flexicomp a modified patellar hammer will be used to stimulate the knee. When you tap the patellar ligament a simultaneous signal will be sent to the computer. Your instructor will show you how to print out and evaluate the simple muscle twitch obtained using the Flexicomp equipment. Detailed Setup for the Physiogrip Procedure: . Put a small amount of electrode gel on the flat electrode and strap the electrode to the back of your right or left wrist. The wrist area should be cleaned with alcohol prior to attachment of the electrode. Put a small amount of electrode gel on the front of the wrist. This gel will be spread around with the stimulus electrode as you search for the flexor digitorum superficialis mo tor point. 2. Grasp the pistol grip and apply enough pressure on the trigger to lift the screen plot off the bottom of the screen. 3. Your lab instructor will show you how to analyze and print out your data. Staple your Physiogrip and Flexicomp printouts to the Lab Report #14. Label your data with the following information: a. The stimulus voltage b. The latent period and its duration in seconds c. The contraction period and its duration in seconds d. The relaxation period and its duration in seconds 1. Threshold voltages for motor points in the hand can vary from person to person. What could account for these differences in threshold voltages? The threshold voltages for motor points in the hand can vary from person to person due to the thickness of the skin, dirt on the hand, or oily hands. . Outline your hand in the space below and then for each part of the palm and fingers record the minimum voltage required to elicit a muscle twitch. [pic] A = 230 X 0. 1 = 23 mv (lumbricales) B = 350 X 0. 1 = 35 mv (Flexor Pollicis Brevis) 3. ) When a nerve cell is at rest, there is a relatively greater concentration of sodium ions on the outside of its membrane 4. ) When sodium ions are actively tra nsported outward through a nerve cell membrane, they are exchanged for K+ ions which are transported inward. 5. The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a resting nerve cell (neuron) is called the resting membrane potential. 6. ) If the resting potential becomes less negative (-70 mV toward 0) in response to stimulation, the process is called depolarizing graded potential. 7. ) Any stimulus weaker than a threshold stimulus is termed a subthreshold stimulus. 8. ) If a series of subthreshold stimuli is quickly applied to the neuron, the cumulative effect may be sufficient to initiate an impulse. This phenomenon is called temporal summation. 9. Following depolarization, potassium ions diffuse outward and cause the cell membrane to become more negative. 10. ) An action potential (or nerve impulse) is a rapid sequence of changes involving the inward movement of Na+ ions followed by the outward movement of K+ ions. 11. ) Following the passage of a nerve im pulse there is a period during which a threshold stimulus will not trigger another impulse. This period is called the refractory period. 12. ) A single nerve cell, just like a single muscle fiber, transmits an action potential according to the all or none principle. 3. ) Nodes of Ranvier (neurofibral nodes) occur between adjacent axon segments of the Schwann cell. 14. The type of nerve conduction in which and impulse jumps from node to node is called saltatory conduction. 15. ) The greater the diameter of a nerve fiber, the faster the impulse travels. 16. ) Explain in detail what physiological events are taking place during the latent period. In your discussion explain the difference between the â€Å"latent period† for the Physiogrip experiment and the â€Å"latent period† for the Flexicomp experiment. In the laboratory, a witch can be produced by direct electrical stimulation of a motor neuron or its muscle fibers. The record of a muscle contraction is called a myogram. Twitches of skeletal muscle fibers last anywhere form 20-200 Msec. This is very long compared to the brief 1-2 msec that a muscle action potential lasts. Note that a brief delay occurs between application of the stimulus and the beginning of contraction. The delay, which lasts about 2 msec, is termed the latent period. During the latent period, the muscle action potential sweeps over the sarcolemma and calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. If two stimuli are applied, one immediately after the other, the muscle will respond to the first stimulus, but not to the second. When a muscle fiber receives enough stimulation to contract, it temporarily loses its excitability and cannot respond for a time. Physiogrip: It also showed that there was a less latent period because it only interacted with the nerves to the fingers. Flexicomp: The impulse generated below the knee has to travel to the spinal cord and then reaction takes place, making the latent period longer.

Museum Paper essays

Museum Paper essays This object is a portion of a palace wall relief. The function of this relief wall in the palace is to serve as decoration and as a depiction of the king performing some of his duties. According to the museum, the palace relief was made out of limestone rock. The piece was part of a large wall, therefore the wall must have been constructed before the artist came in and carved the relief using chisels of bronze and copper and a hammer. The artist must have used chisels of different sizes and shapes to create the magnificent detail represented in this relief. The wall was left bare, not painted as there was no indication of paint or color. The head of the human figure was about double of a normal persons head, therefore the figure must have been very large. According to the museum, when the figure was part of the original wall it stood approximately 8 Â ½ ft tall. This piece belongs to the Assyrian culture in the Late Period of the Ancient Near East (1000 to 330 b.c.). When I first saw this piece I automatically thought of the lamassu that we looked at in class. The shape of the beard, wings on the persons back, horns on the headdress, and the hyperrealism depicted in each part gave me the indication of where and when this piece was created. Nothing in this piece seems unusual for this culture. The horns on the headdress of this man (Assunasirpal II, King of the Assyrians) resembles that of the Babylon culture. The Stela of Hammurabi of the previous Babylon Empire shows this same horned crown and shows how this past culture influenced the Assyrian art. This was an artistic convention used by artists in this area to depict a man or god of great importance. The museum information indicated this piece was from the Neo-Assyrian Era. According to our book, this period is referred to differently, so I would have to disagree with the museum s description on time period. The time period this piece belongs to is the Late...

Corporate Social Responsibility of McDonalds Assignment

Corporate Social Responsibility of McDonalds - Assignment Example The paper tells that corporate social responsibility includes a variety of tactics such as environmental, philanthropic and ethical. A new field of corporate social responsibility has emerged that encourages companies or organization to take steps and initiatives in the interest of all stakeholders. The public or consumers are also considered stakeholders and hence the organization should create a balance between the interests of both stake shareholders. McDonald's is the leading international fast food retailer which is spread over 36,000 locations and serves approximately 69 million customers in 100 countries daily. Most of the McDonalds branches are run by independent businessman and women. The success of the company’s success is the system which aligns the franchises and supplies. By the implementation of this system, McDonald's was able to satisfy the customers with what they wanted. This system also allows local customization of the product. McDonald's focuses on three p riorities for the optimization of its menu; to modernize the consumer’s experience, to increase accessibility to McDonald's with convenience and to optimize the menu. McDonald's plan to win strategy focuses on people, product, place, price, and promotion in order to increase the customers experience regarding McDonald's. McDonald's is considered to possess the largest framework when the subject of CSR is discussed. Their motto of CSR â€Å"responsible food for a sustainable future† outlines their social responsibilities. A board of directors is responsible for keeping McDonald's up to the standards that are being guaranteed to their stakeholders. The first step taken by this board of directors was to create a code of conduct in order to ensure that every supplier follows this code of conduct. This agreement is then signed by the suppliers. McDonald's also considers the three E’s that is ethical responsibility, environmental responsibility, and economic responsib ility. This serves as the vision for the supply chain management.